Diazepam is a benzodiazepine tranquilizer used to treat anxiety and seizures in human beings and dogs alike. When dogs take diazepam, it can sometimes lead to common side effects such as loss of energy and coordination problems. Classified as an anti-convulsant and sedative, diazepam is used off-label for canines.

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Diazepamfirst marketed as Valiumis a medicine of the benzodiazepine family that typically produces a calming effect. Common side effects include sleepiness and trouble with coordination. Diazepam is mainly used to treat anxiety, insomnia, panic attacks and symptoms of acute alcohol withdrawal. It is also used as a premedication for inducing sedation, anxiolysis, or amnesia before certain medical procedures e. Benzodiazepines have a relatively low toxicity in overdose. Dosages should be determined on an individual basis, depending on the condition being treated, severity of symptoms, patient body weight, and any other conditions the person may have.

Intravenous diazepam or lorazepam are first-line treatments for status epilepticus. Diazepam gel was better than placebo gel in reducing the risk of non-cessation of seizures. The anticonvulsant effects of diazepam can help in the treatment of seizures due to a drug overdose or chemical toxicity as a result of exposure to sarinVXor soman or other organophosphate poisonslindanechloroquinephysostigmineor pyrethroids.

Diazepam is sometimes used intermittently for the prevention of febrile seizures that may occur in children under five years of age. Diazepam is used for the emergency treatment of eclampsiawhen IV magnesium sulfate and blood-pressure control measures have failed. Diazepam is marketed in over brands throughout the world. One CANA kit is typically issued to service members, along with three Mark I NAAK kits, when operating in circumstances where chemical weapons in the form of nerve agents are considered a potential hazard.

Both of these kits deliver drugs using autoinjectors. They are intended for use in "buddy aid" or "self aid" administration of the drugs in the field prior to decontamination and delivery of the patient to definitive medical care. Use of diazepam should be avoided, when possible, in individuals with: Adverse effects of benzodiazepines such as diazepam include anterograde amnesia and confusion especially pronounced in higher doses and sedation.

The elderly are dog sedation prone to adverse effects of diazepam, such as confusion, amnesia, ataxia, and hangover effects, as well as falls. Long-term use of benzodiazepines such as diazepam is associated with drug tolerance, benzodiazepine dependence, and benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome. While benzodiazepine mixing klonopin and celexa such dog sedation diazepam can cause anterograde amnesia, they do not cause retrograde amnesia ; information learned before using benzodiazepines is not impaired.

Tolerance to the cognitive-impairing effects of benzodiazepines does not tend to develop with long-term use, and the elderly are more sensitive to them. Benzodiazepines may also cause or worsen depression. Drug tolerance may also develop to infusions of diazepam if it is given for longer than 24 hours. Less commonly, paradoxical side effects can occur, including nervousness, irritability, excitement, worsening of seizures, insomnia, muscle cramps, changes in libidoand in some cases, rage and violence.

These adverse reactions are more likely to occur in children, the elderly, and individuals with a history of drug or alcohol abuse and or aggression. Diazepam may impair the ability to drive vehicles or operate machinery. The impairment is worsened by consumption of alcohol, because both act how much xanax to get high .25 central nervous system depressants. During the course of therapy, tolerance to the sedative effects usually develops, but not to the anxiolytic and myorelaxant effects.

Patients with severe attacks of apnea during sleep may suffer respiratory depression hypoventilationleading to respiratory arrest and death. Diazepam, as with other benzodiazepine drugs, can cause tolerance, physical dependence, substance does medicare cover soma disorderand benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome. Withdrawal from diazepam or other benzodiazepines often leads to withdrawal symptoms similar to those seen during barbiturate or alcohol withdrawal.

The higher the dose and the longer the drug is sedation, the greater the risk of experiencing use valium withdrawal symptoms. Withdrawal symptoms can occur from standard dosages and also after short-term use, and can range from insomnia and anxiety to more serious symptoms, including seizures and psychosis. Withdrawal symptoms can sometimes resemble pre-existing conditions and be misdiagnosed. Diazepam may produce less intense withdrawal symptoms due to its long elimination half-life.

Benzodiazepine treatment should be discontinued as soon as possible by a slow and gradual dose reduction regimen. Dose increases may overcome the effects of tolerance, but tolerance may then develop to the higher dose and adverse effects may increase. The mechanism of tolerance to benzodiazepines includes uncoupling of receptor sites, alterations in gene expressiondown-regulation of receptor sites, and desensitisation of receptor sites to the effect of GABA. About one-third of individuals who take benzodiazepines for longer than four weeks become dependent and experience withdrawal syndrome on cessation.

Rebound anxiety, more severe than baseline anxiety, is also a common withdrawal symptom when discontinuing diazepam or other benzodiazepines. Improper or excessive use of diazepam can lead to dependence. Patients from the aforementioned groups should sedation monitored very closely during therapy for signs of abuse and development of dependence. Therapy should dog sedation discontinued if any of sedation signs are noted, although if dependence has developed, therapy must still be discontinued gradually to avoid severe withdrawal symptoms.

Long-term therapy in such instances is not recommended. People suspected of being dependent on benzodiazepine drugs should be very gradually tapered off the drug. Withdrawals can be life-threatening, particularly when excessive doses have been taken for extended periods of time. Equal prudence should be used whether dependence has occurred in therapeutic or recreational contexts.

An individual who has consumed too much diazepam typically displays one or more of these symptoms in a period of approximately four hours immediately following a suspected overdose: Although not usually fatal when taken alone, a diazepam overdose is considered a medical emergency and generally requires the immediate attention of medical personnel. The antidote for an overdose of diazepam use valium any other benzodiazepine is flumazenil Anexate.

This drug is only used in cases with severe respiratory depression or cardiovascular complications. Because flumazenil is a short-acting drug, and the effects of diazepam can last for days, several doses of flumazenil may be necessary. Artificial respiration and stabilization of cardiovascular functions may also be necessary. Though not routinely indicated, activated charcoal can be used for decontamination of the stomach following a diazepam overdose.

Dialysis is minimally effective. Hypotension may be treated with levarterenol or metaraminol. Overdoses of diazepam with alcohol, opiates or other depressants may be fatal. If diazepam is administered concomitantly with other drugs, attention should be paid to the possible pharmacological interactions. Particular care should be taken dog sedation drugs that potentiate the valium sedation dog use of in of dog sedation, such as barbiturates, xanax 2mg imprint 11opioidsand antidepressants.

Diazepam does not increase or decrease hepatic enzyme activity, and does not alter the metabolism of other compounds. No evidence would "valium use sedation dog of in" diazepam alters its own metabolism with chronic administration. Agents with an effect on hepatic cytochrome P pathways or conjugation can alter the rate of diazepam metabolism.

These interactions would be expected use valium be most significant with long-term diazepam therapy, and their clinical significance is variable. Diazepam is a long-acting "classical" benzodiazepine. Other classical benzodiazepines include chlordiazepoxideclonazepamlorazepamoxazepamnitrazepamtemazepamflurazepambromazepamand clorazepate. Diazepam inhibits acetylcholine release in mouse hippocampal synaptosomes.

This has been found by measuring sodium-dependent high-affinity choline uptake in mouse brain cells in vitroafter pretreatment of the mice with diazepam in vivo. This may play a role in explaining diazepam's anticonvulsant properties. Diazepam binds with high affinity to will 150 mg tramadol get you high cells in animal cell cultures.

Binding of benzodiazepines to this receptor complex promotes binding of GABA, which in turn increases the total conduction of chloride ions across the neuronal cell membrane. This increased chloride ion influx hyperpolarizes dog sedation neuron's membrane potential. As a result, the difference between resting potential and threshold potential is increased and firing is less likely. As a result, the arousal sedation the cortical and of valium dog use sedation in systems in the central nervous system is reduced.

Diazepam appears to act on areas of the limbic systemthalamusand hypothalamusinducing anxiolytic effects. Benzodiazepine drugs including diazepam increase allergic reactions to xanax inhibitory processes in the cerebral cortex. The anticonvulsant properties of diazepam and other benzodiazepines may be in part or entirely due to binding to voltage-dependent sodium channels rather than benzodiazepine receptors. Sustained repetitive firing seems limited by sedation effect of slowing recovery of sodium channels from inactivation.

The muscle relaxant properties of diazepam are produced via inhibition of polysynaptic pathways in the spinal cord. Diazepam can be administered orally, intravenously must be diluted, as it is painful and damaging to veinsintramuscularly IMor as a suppository. When administered orally, it is rapidly absorbed and has a fast onset of action. The onset of action is one to five minutes sedation IV administration and 15—30 minutes for IM administration.

The duration of diazepam's peak pharmacological effects is 15 minutes to one hour for both routes of administration. The half-life of diazepam in general is 30—56 hours. The sedation half-life of diazepam is two to 13 minutes. When diazepam is administered IM, absorption is slow, erratic, and incomplete. Diazepam is highly lipid-soluble, and is widely distributed throughout the body after administration.

It easily crosses both the blood—brain barrier and the placentaand is excreted into breast milk. After absorption, diazepam is redistributed into muscle and adipose tissue. Continual daily doses of diazepam quickly build to a high concentration in the body mainly in adipose tissuefar in excess of the actual dose for any given day. Diazepam is stored preferentially in some organs, including the heart.

Absorption by any administered route and the risk of accumulation is significantly increased in the neonateand withdrawal of diazepam during pregnancy and breast feeding is clinically justified. It has several pharmacologically active metabolites. The main active metabolite of diazepam is desmethyldiazepam also known as nordazepam or nordiazepam.

Its other active metabolites include the minor active metabolites temazepam and oxazepam. These metabolites are conjugated with glucuronide, and are excreted primarily in the urine. Because "dog" these active metabolites, the serum values of diazepam alone are not useful in predicting the effects of the drug. Diazepam has a biphasic half-life of about one ambien mixed with seroquel three days, and two to seven days for the active metabolite desmethyldiazepam.

Diazepam is a 1,4-benzodiazepine. It is odorless, and has a slightly bitter taste.